Scope 5 GHG Resource Library Maintenance

Scope 5 makes available a broad range of resource libraries to Scope 5 users. In general, these libraries hold descriptions of various activities (and the units in which the corresponding activity data is expected) as well as various impacts and the conversion factors by which each impact is calculated. An important subset of these resource libraries concerns Greenhouse Gas (GHG) impacts. These GHG libraries quantify GHG emissions (in the form of emissions factors) for a variety of activities.

The emissions factors provided in our GHG libraries are sourced from reputable authorities such as the GHG Protocol (a.k.a. WRI)  and The Climate Registry. Often, these authorities update their emissions factors or recommend updates to global warming potentials (GWPs) that are incorporated into emissions factor calculations. (The following conversation discusses emissions factors but applies equally to GWPs).

A subset of Scope 5's standard GHG resource libraries is maintained by Scope 5. This means that we periodically update our libraries to reflect updates published by the authorities from which our libraries are sourced. As such, Scope 5 users can use Scope 5 to generate emissions inventories with the knowledge that the emissions factors are reputable and reasonably up-to-date. The purpose of this article is to explain our maintenance protocol and the consequences of using resources from maintained libraries.

The following table lists the standard GHG libraries that we maintain:

Scope 5 Name	Source	Publication Date of Most Recent Update from Authority Integrated into Scope 5
TCR	The Climate Registry	May 2022
Scope-2 Supplier Specific	The Climate Registry Edison Electric Institute (EEI)	TCR: June 2023 EEI: June 2023
GHG Protocol (Formerly WRI)	The Greenhouse Gas Protocol World Resources Institute	May 2015 & March 2017
Selected EPA Hub Tables	Environmental Protection Agency	eGrid: January 2024 release of 2022 data Other Tables: February 2024
WARM	Environmental Protection Agency	December 2023
EPA ReCon	Environmental Protection Agency	October 2020
Fugitive Gases (AR5)	The Greenhouse Gas Protocol IPCC'2 Fifth Assessment Report	June 2017
CBECS Benchmarking	CBECS eGrid TCR (retired) EPA	CBECS: December 2022 eGRID: January 2024 (eGRID 2022) TCR: June 2023; no longer maintained EPA Natural Gas: February 2024
International Electricity (IEA)	International Energy Agency (IEA)	IEA Electricity Factors: 2023 IEA T&D Factors: 2023
International Electricity (non-IEA)	The Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHGP) for Chinese regions Government of Canada for Canadian Provinces	GHG Protocol: 2014  Government of Canada: 2022
Electricity (Residual Mix)	Association of Issuing Bodies (AIB) Green-e	AIB: 2023  IEA: 2023 Green-e: 2022 eGRID: January release of 2022 data
International Estimated Electricity	International Energy Agency (IEA) Government of Canada for Canadian Provinces CBECS	IEA: 2023 Government of Canada: 2022 CBECS: December 2022
Selected BEIS (Defra) Tables	UK's BEIS, formerly Defra	July 2024
Estimated Electricity (Residual Mix)	AIB CBECS	AIB: 2023  CBECS: December 2022
USEEIO	Supply Chain GHG Emission Factors for US Commodities and Industries	April 2023
Selected GLEC Tables	GLEC: Global Logistics Emissions Council	2023
USEEIO v1.2	Supply Chain Emission Factors by NAICS-6	July 2024
Energy Star Portfolio Manager	Portfolio Manager	August 2024

Please check back here at any time for status regarding maintained libraries and updates. If your organization would like to see additional resource libraries maintained by Scope 5, please contact us at [e-mail] to discuss your needs. 

Maintenance Schedule

Scope 5's maintained libraries are updated in response to updates from the corresponding source authority. As a policy, Scope 5, reviews its libraries on a quarterly basis.  This review is two-fold; a technical review, and a review of ad-hoc communications and requests from our user community.

Our technical review amounts to monitoring communications from source authorities (EPA, The Greenhouse Gas Protocol, etc.) and other industry leaders to identify updates. In addition, inquiries are sent periodically to the Scope 5 executive team, sales and marketing, and Scope 5 account managers, asking for feedback from customers and other stakeholders to learn of any deficiencies or requests for new libraries. The Scope 5 library maintenance team works with Scope 5 management to decide when to add to our list of maintained libraries.

If a deficiency is found at any time, in any library, Scope 5 makes every effort to update and correct library emission factors. We strongly encourage feedback from the Scope 5 user community, as our partners in providing and maintaining a current and expansive library database.

Maintenance Policy

As of May 2020, Scope 5’s policy for maintaining emissions factors is to:

• Add an additional emissions factor set to each resource in the library, even when the numbers remain unchanged in the source document, with each library update. This clearly denotes that the resource has been maintained.
• Date new emissions factor sets with the effective date provided by the publication. If that is not explicitly listed, Scope 5 will use the first day of the update’s publication year. For example, EPA’s March 2020 Emissions Factors note they were last updated on March 26, 2020. Because this is not directly referenced as the effective date, Scope 5 considers January 1, 2020, to be the effective date of the emissions factors in this publication.
• Authorities occasionally remove a resource from their publication from one version to the next. For example, TCR included electricity emissions factors for Pacific Gas & Electric (SA) in their TCR Utility-Specific Emission Factors publication but removed this utility and power type combination entirely in early 2023. Because this was previously part of the authority's offerings, Scope 5 maintains the resource and adds the suffix Retired to maintain consistency with previous documents while simultaneously indicating the resource is no longer up-to-date.
  
• Anytime a new resource is added to a standard resource library after creation, all years of data that are supported by the library will be included in the new resource creation to support consistency across the library.

A Note on Units

As of January 9, 2024 conversion factors will be uploaded to Scope 5 with the original units as published by the source authority to maintain transparency and ease of quality analysis.

Understanding Discrepancies

Our users benefit by using resources from our maintained libraries in that they do not need to track and update emissions factors themselves in order to produce defensible GHG emissions inventories. However, users choosing to do so must be aware of the following caveats.

The world of emissions factors is dynamic - various authorities source their emissions factors from other authorities which in turn source emissions factors from yet other authorities. Some of these authorities pick up updates from some but not all of their sources. There is no perfectly correct set of emissions factors. Our goal is to provide defensible emissions factors. Above all, we aim to be transparent regarding our emissions factors.

This means that on any given day a subset of emissions factors in the Scope 5 libraries may differ from emissions factors in a certain authority's library. Our promise to our users is that our emissions factors are equivalent to or are reasonably derived from those published by the authority (or the authority from which it drew its emissions factors) on a reasonably recent date. In addition, we show the source(s) from which our emissions factors derive in the application (and in downloaded CSVs of each maintained resource library except for the International Electricity library). Further detail is provided in the articles corresponding to each resource library in this knowledge base.

Users should consider the following dates when producing any emissions inventory:

1. Activity Date - the date on which the emitting activity occurs (for example, the date on which a certain volume of fuel was combusted or a certain amount of electricity was used).
2. Effective Date - the activity date for which a set of emissions factors should be applied to activity records. 
3. Publication Date - the date on which the authority publishes a certain emissions factor or an update to that emissions factor.
4. Current date - the date on which an emissions inventory is generated.

Consider the following example, in November of 2015 (the publication date), the EPA published an update to the eGrid electricity emissions factors. This update included emissions factors with an effective date of 2012. 

So - if a user were to generate an emissions report today (the current date, 2/12/2016) for 2014 electricity activity, they would be applying the 2012 emissions factors. Had the report been generated in October of 2015 (just a few months ago), they would have applied the most recent emissions factors available at that time (with an effective date of 2010). As a result, the two emissions reports would produce different numbers.

This example illustrates an important point - when using maintained libraries, users may find that emissions resulting from the same activity change based on when a report was run. While this can be disconcerting, it is readily explained and it generally reflects improved knowledge regarding emissions factors. 

Most often, users run emissions reports early each year, for activity that occurred in the previous calendar year. In the example above, our 2014 emissions report would probably have been run prior to November 2015 and as a result, would have used the 2010 emissions factor set. Our 2015 emissions report would be run early in 2016 and would use the 2012 emissions factor set. There would be no discrepancy with which to be concerned because each of the two reports is for emissions resulting from activity in different years.

The problem occurs when users run multiple reports over time, that quantify emissions for multiple years (often including some base year). In this case, results for the same year can differ depending on when the report was run. Users must be aware of this eventuality when conducting audits or publishing reports to their stakeholders and should be prepared to explain differences arising from emission factors-related updates. We recommend that whenever a user runs a report intended for external consumption, they should use the CSV download link (in the top right corner of each resource library page) to record the sets of emissions factors and sources that were used to generate the report.